Source management for a power transformation system

ABSTRACT

A battery life monitoring approach for a power transformation powered system. “Signature profiling” and “power metering” may deal with statistically significant edge cases. Relative to product resources, a battery management module (BMM) may use software services from a “phantom module”, “power broker” and other low level board support package (BSP) software, such as A2D, time bases and memory R/W in order to execute routines needed for successful deployment of the product. The memory resources should be volatile and non-volatile memory resources to fulfill the needs of a fully functional power transformation BMM system.

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/088,314, filed Dec. 5, 2014, and entitled “Battery Management for Power Transformation Systems”. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/088,314, filed Dec. 5, 2014, is hereby incorporated by reference.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/301,116, filed Jun. 10, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/300,228, filed in Jun. 9, 2014, and entitled “A Power Transformation System”, which claims the claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/841,191, filed Jun. 28, 2013, and entitled “A Power Transformation System”. U.S. application Ser. No. 14/300,228, filed in Jun. 9, 2014, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/841,191, filed Jun. 28, 2013, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. application Ser. No. 14/301,116, filed Jun. 10, 2014, is hereby incorporated by reference.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/301,175, filed Jun. 10, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/300,232, filed in Jun. 9, 2014, and entitled “A Power Transformation System with Characterization”, which claims the claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/841,191, filed Jun. 28, 2013, and entitled “A Power Transformation System”. U.S. application Ser. No. 14/300,232, filed in Jun. 9, 2014, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/841,191, filed Jun. 28, 2013, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/301,175, filed Jun. 10, 2014, is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure pertains to power resources and particularly to power resource management. More particularly, the disclosure pertains at least in part to battery resources

SUMMARY

The disclosure reveals a battery life monitoring approach for a power transformation powered system. “Signature profiling” and “power metering” may deal with statistically significant edge cases. Relative to product resources, a battery management module (BMM) may use software services from a “phantom module”, “power broker” and other low level board support package (BSP) software, such as analog to digital or analog to discrete (A2D), time bases and memory read/write (R/W) in order to execute routines needed for successful deployment of the product. The memory resources may be volatile and non-volatile memory resources to fulfill the needs of a fully functional power transformation BMM system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a diagram that reveals a super cap connected to a battery via a switch and a charge line;

FIG. 2 is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 1 except the latter shows a processor/controller interconnected with the components of the layout in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of circuitry relating to a battery connection, a DC/DC converter and a switch to VDD;

FIG. 4 is a diagram revealing a switch, a current source driven by PWM, a current measurement circuit, and a super capacitor;

FIG. 5 is a diagram that may show what functions and set variables that are significant in determining final battery level;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a use case model;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a battery presence detection task;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example of circuitry and waveforms to assist in battery management;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of battery filtering;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of test data of voltage versus time for several kinds of batteries;

FIG. 11a is a diagram of a power transformation circuit;

FIG. 11b is a diagram of the power transformation circuit having a different buck converter and battery connection;

FIG. 11c is a diagram of another version of the power transformation circuit showing a single channel;

FIG. 11d is a diagram of example loads connected to outputs of the power transformation circuit;

FIG. 12 is a diagram of a waveform indicating an inductive load;

FIG. 13 is a diagram of a waveform indicating a resistive load;

FIGS. 14 and 15 are schematic diagrams of current sources;

FIGS. 16a, 16b and 16c are diagrams of waveforms of various aspects of the power transformation circuit; and

FIGS. 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 17e, 17f and 17g are diagrams of activities of certain portions of the power transformation circuits in FIGS. 11a-11c ; and

FIGS. 18a, 18b, 19a-19c, 20a-20c, 21a-21c and 22a-22b are schematics of an illustrative example of the present power transformation circuit

FIG. 23 is a diagram of combinations of capacities and sources;

FIG. 24 is a diagram of a state overview;

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram of a characterization;

FIG. 26 is a flow diagram of an already characterized situation;

FIG. 27 is a diagram of a graph showing a fixture's process when it is in an off state, when a thermostat's call for heat, and when the call for heat is satisfied;

FIG. 28 is a diagram of a graph where a fixture's process when it is in an off state, when the thermostat call for heat, and when the flame sense is not turned on;

FIG. 29 is a diagram of a graph showing an area of purge, an igniter, a gas valve on, and a hold of the gas valve;

FIG. 30 is a diagram of a graph of a power steal, an activity of a wax motor valve operation;

FIG. 31 is a diagram of a graph of an AC version of a waveform with certain events indicated along the waveform; and

FIG. 32 is a diagram of a graph of a magnified portion of an AC version showing a signal's shape.

DESCRIPTION

The present system and approach may incorporate one or more processors, computers, controllers, user interfaces, wireless and/or wire connections, and/or the like, in an implementation described and/or shown herein.

This description may provide one or more illustrative and specific examples or ways of implementing the present system and approach. There may be numerous other examples or ways of implementing the system and approach.

Power transformation technology may use algorithms to manage a battery. Extending the battery life and/or managing how a product handles information around the battery's condition may be critical to a successful system. Power transformation, phantom and power stealing are terms that may be interchangeably used in certain contests of the present description. A similar approach may be used relative to other terms. For example, boost 1 and boost 2 may designate different items in one portion of the description when compared to the terms used in another portion for the description. The terms ultra capacitor and super capacitor may be used in an interchangeable manner.

An objective may be having a lithium/alkaline battery life monitoring approach for a power transformation powered system. Techniques such as comparing open circuit voltages to values obtained by loading the battery with predefined loads may be just one component of a monitoring approach. This may be because a power transformation system may create situations where the battery is rarely used. “Signature profiling” and “power metering” may deal with statistically significant edge cases.

Relative to product resources, a battery management module (BMM) may need software services from a “phantom module”, “power broker” and other low level board support package (BSP) software, such as A2D, time bases and memory R/W in order to execute routines needed for successful deployment of the product. The memory resources should be volatile and non-volatile memory (NVM) resources to fulfill the needs of a fully functional power transformation BMM system.

Once implemented, the algorithms may deliver superior system knowledge affecting the battery resource. The goal of the BMM may be to achieve “Zero non-managed interruptions in service due to loss of battery function”.

Constraints may be noted. Power transformation technology may need ultra-low powering techniques. Therefore, virtually all measurement and associated software systems should be consistent with such approach.

The product may include a field update such that increased fidelity of the BMM can be deployed with future software updates.

The primary “consumer” of the information that the algorithms produce may be the end user of the product. Internally, a power broker may be pivotal in spawning and/or precluding processes to insure that temperature control is maintained for the longest possible period within a single battery's useful lifetime.

The following items may be deliverables for PMM. A 60 day and 30 day system “battery low” and “battery critical” warning, respectively, may be provided. Power transformation technology may introduce new variable attributes that affect battery life. Many of the attributes may be non-deterministic as they are caused by each device's unique application environment and unique user behavior. This means that a simple voltage level detection system may invariably lead to improper decisions.

It may be anticipated that a declaring of these battery warnings need to combine a sense of history. The history may be used to predict a future based on the past. For example, the history of battery usage within the last N (up to 30) days may be a good predictor of what is likely to happen in the future. A memory of the past may include information relative to the number of user (successive) interaction and other environment influences due to site conditions, such as poor Wi-Fi performance. Other potential influences specific to the site topology which create numerous walk-by events may drive battery usage.

Other non-user or historic information, that may directly affect battery life and should be considered for declaring battery trigger warnings, may incorporate an electrical impedance of loads and a number of them connected, a heat and/or cooling configuration, and a climate zone and time of year. Equipment “on” time may be a direct correlation of an expected need for heating or cooling.

One or more tests may differentiate whether an alkaline battery or a lithium battery should be installed. One or more tests may determine whether a battery is capable of starting an AP mode by battery power operation.

A mA-Hr. calculator may be run for a battery installed. Information may be derived from AP mode timings and other “0B” operational times. The approach may need coordination of a time base. The calculator may involve directly measuring power transformation's mA charging rates and times.

A running time-based meter, which is independent of energy used on the subject battery, may be used. The function may be used to suggest replacement for rarely used batteries when a leakage risk has been reached.

A learning and “signature assignment” algorithm may have merit when combined with a non-volatile memory. The algorithm may be utilized to dramatically increase the probability that a device can remember and differentiate a previously connected battery from that which is a new juxtaposed running time-based meter. A need for such algorithm may exist any time when a head is separated from the wall plate.

It is anticipated that the product may complain anytime a less capable battery is installed. Conversely, it need not complain when a new or more charged battery replaces a more used one.

A postulate may be that it is statistically improbable that two batteries with different life histories can behave in exact similar ways even if battery temperature is accounted for.

Signature testing should be coordinated with major events to prevent aliasing of readings. One major effect may be to eliminate (in battery signature testing) testing directly after events which introduce secondary self-heating such as an AP mode. Further it is not necessarily always possible for the system to reproduce in normal operation.

Specific edge cases may need coverage. A case of wall chair programming where the user spends too much time at an access point may be an interesting edge case.

Another case may be where a user removes the device from the wall for a simple inspection and then it is reconnected. The system should caution a user if a more dead battery is put back into the system than the one that was just removed.

A “C” wire with a battery installed case may be noted. Power transformation technology cannot necessarily ignore the battery and may have to actively manage the battery as no critical function is necessarily defined with story boards for the battery after installation.

If the battery is alkaline, it may be used (to a point) in that a unique and pseudo random signature is applied. After three years of operation, a flag should be set to remove it.

If the battery is lithium, it may be used (to a point) in that that a unique and pseudo random signature is applied. After eight years of operation, a flag should be set to remove it.

It may be noted that wireframes do not necessarily cover additional uses of AP mode after an initial connection relative to a battery only operation. Enforcing that power should be applied after the initial connection to TCC is recommended to eliminate this edge case.

A Battery interruption test (BIT) may be noted. The port (line), that allows the battery to be read via A2D, may have a low level leakage term associated along with leakage from adjacent circuitry. The leakage term may cause a pin to drift to an indeterminate state when no battery is present or a battery is extremely discharged. The residual charge should to be removed before a true determination of any battery presence can be made.

An exact determination of leakage term may be contingent on proper control of a boost 1 enable function as well as BSV0 control pin being used in concert with a power approach determined by power transformation.

To save energy, the BIT algorithm may need to only run when a precursor event is detected, as would occur when successive battery monitoring A2D readings indicate that a sudden battery level change has occurred and not by some extreme loading condition such as AP mode or other events.

The battery line dV/dt (effect of interest) may happen by pulling a device off the wall. After detection of the precursor event, the A2D port may need to be turned around as an output and driven low for a timing (T1) such that the time constant of leakage terms and line capacitance would drive the pin to less than 0.25V. Next, the port may be turned back to A2D and a reading may be conducted after a time interval T2 expires. T2 should be less than the time constant interval in which a “no battery” leakage term could raise the pin voltage (0.75V). If the value returned is above that value, the routine may report a battery present; or if below the value, the routine may report a battery interrupted.

The battery interruption routine should have an effective detection latency of 3 seconds maximum. This approach may represent a primary loss of a wall connection technique for a power transformation mode operation. Virtually all outputs may be returned to an “off” state when the situation is detected.

For background, the battery in power transformation technology may have several unique and different use cases in which it is expected to supply charge. One case may be a device bootstrap energy source. Without sufficient energy to start boost 1, the product will not necessarily function.

Another case may be to provide variable charge of an ultra-cap. To provide forming current of an ultra-cap may be a short term need and may occur during the first 24 to 72 hours of operation. The effect may re-accrue any time loss of AC power, or head removal may drain the ultra-cap below 1.0 Vdc. The battery may be used to augment any power stealing deficits to maintain >2.45V on the capacitor during this interval.

There may be an initialization charge to move the DUT's power mode from a 0B to a 1B mode. A nominal rate of this charge may be 150 mA at boost 1's output. The charge rate may require tempering to prevent restarts on partially depleted battery conditions.

An event extension may be noted. There may be a situation should a user desire to extend UI operation beyond normal timeout, and at times when the ultra-cap is depleted below a level where the power transformations “on” or “off” mode charging is not necessarily able to make up for the loss of charge during or after an extended event or events. Some instances of power transformation may be referred to or regarded as “phantom” technology.

Direct power may be provided to VDD2 and VDD (0B AP mode) to sustain a Wi-Fi access point mode. This special mode may only occur after the ultra-cap has been charged and the Wi-Fi process has been started typically in +5 seconds. An additional load for the battery may sustain an ultra-cap recovery and form current of not more than 30 mA. Indeterminate display information loading may also be present and yet may supersede a forming and recovery approach when activated.

Definitions relative to the present system may be noted. Power transformation technology may have an extremely versatile power supply system. There may be major mode partitioning whether a direct connection to transformer is available.

There may be battery/power transformation modes (no C wire). For a 0B mode, virtually all systems may be driven by the battery. For a 1B mode, charging of the ultra-cap may be available from the battery. Virtually all other processes may be driven by boost 2 and the ultra-cap. Power transformation may be a primary source of ultra-cap charging during this mode. For a mode 2B, an application processor rail (Vdd) may have possible ultra-cap charging driven by a battery. Vdd2 may be driven by an ultra-cap (boost 2). Power Transformation may be a primary source of ultra-cap charging during this mode.

For a common wire mode, power transformation is not necessarily available in this mode. For a 0C mode, virtually all systems may be driven by a buck supply via a connection to 24 VAC. For a 1C mode, charging of the ultra-cap may be available from a battery. Virtually all other processes may be driven by a buck convertor. For a 2C mode, an application processor rail (Vdd) and ultra-cap charging may be driven by the buck converter. Vdd2 may be driven by the ultra-cap (boost 2).

The present application may concern in part a battery module design. An access point (AP) mode may be a state when a thermostat behaves like a WiFi hotspot. A user may connect to it and configure the thermostat by a mobile app. WiFi consumption may be very high in this mode.

Battery module may be responsible for monitoring battery health and reporting if battery is good, low, very low or critical. The battery module may interact with several modules. It may measure a battery under special conditions (e.g., set the load and measure battery voltage). It may provide information about power mode (e.g., if battery is loaded).

Thermostat diagnostics may share non-volatile data section with the battery module. It may do some non-volatile operations together with/for the battery module. A consumption monitor may provide current consumption of the device (measured or estimated—depending on power mode).

Hardware background information may be noted. FIG. 1 is a diagram that reveals a super cap 301 connected to a battery 302 via a switch 303 and a charge line 309. Battery 302 may be connected to a Vdd line 304 via a switch 305. Super cap 301 may be connected to Vdd line 304 via a switch 306 and to a Vdd2 line 307 via a switch 308. A back converter 311 may be connected to line 309 via a switch 312. Buck converter 311 may be connected to Vdd2 307 via a switch 313. A W/Y power stealing module 314 may be connected to line 309 via a switch 315.

FIG. 2 is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 1 except the latter shows a processor/controller 327 interconnected with the components of the layout in FIG. 1.

The following may indicate when and how the battery is used. The battery may be used just when there is no C wire (i.e., AC power), when a thermostat powers up (the battery is used to charge the super capacitor initially), when WiFi is in an AP mode (on WiFi entry into an AP mode, the super capacitor powers the VDD2 (radio) and the battery powers the VDD, then it switches to run directly from the battery), when the super capacitor is too low for power stealing (which may happen when power stealing does not keep up with thermostat consumption for a loner time period, or when there is a hardware issue, long user interaction, AC loss, or bug).

FIG. 3 is a diagram 316 of circuitry relating to a battery connection 317, a DC/DC converter 318 and a switch 318 to VDD. FIG. 4 is a diagram 321 revealing a switch 322, a current source 323 driven by PWM, a current measurement circuit 324, and a super capacitor 325.

Thermostat consumption may be noted. In an AP mode (a start may be from ultracap or supercap, then it may be directly from battery)—200-300 mA, and peaks at about 500 mA. A non-AP mode may involve charging a supercap by up-to 150 mA and current from battery up to 300-380 mA). A survival mode may involve few mA.

Battery status may be monitored based on voltage, consumed capacity of battery (mAh), battery usage history, battery usage history projection into future, battery life by calendar days, and battery state. Voltage may be measured periodically (once per second), then the value may then be processed: Highest value measured may be captured.

The battery voltage may be used to detect battery voltage shifts (large changes). It may fire a battery test, to detect battery removal (=thermostat is removed from the wallplate), and for detecting the new battery. It may be sorted if it was taken from unloaded battery (open voltage) or from a loaded battery. Both “voltages” may be filtered (since 1.2.x.x) to provide smoother output. Filtered loaded voltage (unknown load) may be used to allow a signature test (if it's below 1.4V threshold). If allowed, then it may be triggered every 25 mAh consumed.

Filtered unloaded voltage should be >0.8 V together with battery installed flag for phantom to use the battery (consider as inserted). Filtering batteries (load/no load) may cause the first reading to be considered as load voltage.

Consumed capacity of battery may be noted. In some power modes, it may be possible to measure current drawn from the battery; in some modes it's not necessarily possible. So there may be two separate counters—for measured battery usage (total actual battery usage) and for estimated battery usage (total estimated battery usage). These counters may be in RAM memory and be saved every 24 hours and AC power loss into nonvolatile memory.

Among these counters for total consumption, there may be counters for daily consumption (daily actual battery usage and daily estimated battery usage). These counters may be saved into battery history every time it's saved into nonvolatile memory (daily and power loss).

The history may be seven days long. If the AP mode occurs, then a special counter may be set to battery history length (recent access point usage). This counter may be decreased towards zero every time when a usage is saved into non-volatile memory.

Battery usage history projection into future may be noted. This part may use the battery usage history to predict how much battery capacity (in mAh) will be drawn from battery within given number of days. For instance, if an algorithm calculates that the battery will be depleted within 56 days (8 weeks) then a first battery warning may be raised. This approach may be the same for a very low warning (21 days) and a battery critical warning (7 days).

If the recent access point usage is not necessarily zero yet, then it may mean that AP mode was used within the last seven days (stored history). The AP mode may have a very high battery draw, may be run directly from battery and it may be expected that this event is not necessarily periodic. So one does not necessarily want count this event into a future consumption projection. In this case, only the measured usage may count. So the estimated usage in this case would not necessarily damage the projection.

Battery life may be noted by calendar days. Even if the battery is not used, it gets older, and it may leak when gets too old. So when a new battery is inserted, then the counter may start count and if it achieves 8*365 days (saved daily and on power loss), then battery may be declared as critical.

Battery state may refer to its output value of the battery module. It may have the following states: BATTERY_NOT_INSTALLED—not inserted or not yet detected; BATTERY_GOOD—best case; BATTERY_LOW—battery warning only on a thermostat app; BATTERY_VERY_LOW—battery warning on both thermostat and thermostat app; and BATTERY_CRITICAL—control works, local UI shows only error.

Data flow in a decision of a battery state may be noted. FIG. 5 is a diagram that may show what functions (rounded rectangle) and set variables (rectangles) that are significant in determining final battery level. A battery replaced may behave differently—depending on the battery voltage measured. Constant values in the flow may also be shown in diagram 331. In other words, diagram 331 reveals a decision flow for deciding battery level. A battery may be assumed to have about eight years of useful life. Long term battery expired is indicated in symbol 333. In an event that the battery is at least eight years old, a true signal may be sent along a line 334 to a symbol 335 indicating forced critical. A jump into battery critical may be without a warning.

A battery replaced may be indicated at symbol 336 after a battery presence test is performed. A true signal indicating a dead battery along a line 337 to forced critical at symbol 335. A signal, indicating a new battery, from symbol 336 along a line 338 to symbol 339 where battery counters a reset in RAM. From symbol 339 a false signal may flow along a line 341 to forced critical symbol 335.

A signal may flow along a line 342 from symbol 335 for forced critical to a symbol 343 to determine battery level. Battery usage and history data at symbol 344 may get information from symbol 339 along line 345. Information may flow from symbol 344, relative to battery usage plus history data, along line 346 to symbol 347 where battery level is calculated from usage, and long line 348 to symbol 343. Also, information may flow from symbol 347 to symbol 343 along line 349. Usage may declare a battery critical but precision of battery may be low. From symbol 343 for determining battery level, information indicating good/low/very low, and critical may go along line 351 to a symbol 352 for indicating a battery state.

The battery may be loaded by charging the supercap and thermostat lives from supercap. A PWM on the supercap charge is set to 13 percent (fast range). It may make a current of about 60 mA. A current from the battery may be about 100-130 mA. This may depend on several factors. A test may take 3 seconds. Voltage of the battery may be sampled in the last second. If the measured voltage is over 1.65V threshold, then it may declare the battery as new and all usage counter may be reset. If the measured voltage is below 1.30V then it may be declared critical. Then one should insert new and fresh battery to erase the critical flag. A battery presence test may be triggered when a voltage measurement indicates large shifts in voltage. So if the voltage shifts indicate that a battery was inserted or removed, then a task may be scheduled.

Battery signature measurement may use a battery load test. The test may be performed if all the following conditions are met. A battery detection test is not necessarily in progress, the thermostat is not necessarily in an AP mode, the battery is installed, and a loaded battery voltage is below a threshold (1.4V).

At least 25 mAh should have been consumed since the last battery signature test. This may be needed to avoid tests during most of the battery life and to start testing on the battery end of life. The test uses battery energy, so the reducing amount of tests may improve battery life. The same test may be performed as for battery presence detection.

FIG. 6 is a diagram 361 of a use case model. A person 362 may perform a battery detection task by monitoring for an unexpected voltage shift at symbol 363 and reading an analog value and categorizing the value as a load or no load at symbol 364. Person 362 may request special phantom battery read modes at symbol 365. A phantom person 366 may confirm special phantom battery read modes at symbol 367 for person 362. Person 362 may provide battery installed status at symbol 368 for a power broker person 369 and a person 371 for lithium battery life determination. Person 371 may request a battery under load voltage at symbol 372 which person 362 may note and provide a battery under load voltage and load conditions at symbol 373, and battery no load voltage at symbol 374. In the lithium battery life determination, person 371 may obtain information from an integrate battery current draw at symbol 375. A battery condition status may be indicated at symbol 376 by person 371. A person 377 of the user interface alerts, power broker 369 and phantom person 366 may see the battery condition status at symbol 376. Person 36 may note drives for installed detection and under load measurements.

FIG. 7 is a diagram 481 of a battery presence detection task. Diagram 481 may be regarded as showing a state machine that requests a battery presence detection (BPD) test or battery load test with a wait for results. The task may be scheduled on demand. Several triggers may be in the code such as when a battery voltage rises up, a battery is inserted, the There may be a schedule task of the battery detection task to BTS_INIT at symbol 482. Then there may be a BTS_NBT_REQUESTED enter test at symbol 483. If an acceptable battery is detected, the BTS_IDLE 492 is entered. The next step may be a line 485 for a battery critical test to a symbol 486 where there is a BTS_CBT_REQUESTED 486 where there is a BPD wait for a phantom battery monitor end. Line 487 from symbol 486 goes to a symbol 492. The next step may be a line 491 to BTS_INVISIBLE_TEST at symbol 493 that performs an independent battery test. The next step is a line 494 to a symbol 492 when the test is complete.

With a phantom NVM task, battery usage may be saved. There may be a total counter. Daily usage may go into history, in that the days are incremented for the history. The phantom items may be saved in to a non-volatile memory. Current may be called from phantom such as in the case of thermostat removal from its wallplate, AC power loss, and periodically every 24 hours, and so forth.

FIG. 8 is a diagram 501 of an example of circuitry and waveforms to assist in battery management.

FIG. 9 is a diagram 551 of battery filtering. Currently filtered values may be open battery voltage and loaded battery voltage. There currently may be a filter ⅛ (i.e. a new sample has ⅛ weight to the filter output).

Battery life predictions may be calculated by several approaches. In a first approach, two registers may be used to sum the actual (measured) and predicted use of the battery in terms of mA-Hr consumption. That information may be stored daily and averaged over seven days to predict an average daily use value. The average daily use number may in turn be used to calculate a 56 or 21 or 7 (day) remaining life predictor.

If a system uses up a significant amount of energy in any one day, the equation may only use 1/7 of that to predict how many days are left. This may consistently understate battery life by factor of 7 when large amounts are used in any given day.

An algorithm may work well when periodic regular amounts of battery are being consumed each day or when a relatively small amount of energy is consumed in one day. The algorithm may introduce errata when any one or two days have significant usage against the majority of other days being zero.

In a second approach, at every 25 mA-Hr, the battery management module may schedule as a specific current test that measures the battery voltage in a definitive way. The critical battery test may assume a nominal test current of 60 mA charging with two thresholds of interest. They may be 1.65V=new battery and 1.35V=critical battery.

In a third approach, the thermostat may read the battery once per second. If any reading is less than this test threshold, the device may believe that the head has been removed from the battery and all I/O is put into safe state. A battery interruption test=voltage<0.9V at the battery terminals.

The following may be a list of specific changes that improve the operation of the battery management module. The battery management module may categorize the battery virtually time the device is powered-up by performing a new battery test (NBT). The results of that test may be stored in a non-volatile memory. The actions of this test may require insight to previously written non-volatile memory data about the last known battery situation, if any.

The system may allow removal of residual battery warnings specifically when conditions indicate that there is a reasonable probability that the device under test (battery) is better than or equal to what was previously installed.

The follow approaches may exist to reset the mA-hour counters. First, a non-volatile memory may indicate that an Alert was shown to user; also a Low, Very Low, or Critical and a “new” battery may be detected. A battery may pass a test which indicates a used lithium or new alkaline battery state.

Second, a new Lithium battery threshold may be detected, after at least 10 percent of battery capacity has been extracted and where the non-volatile memory indicates a lithium battery was previously installed.

Third, an alkaline determination may be completed, and a new battery passes new lithium rules regardless of energy used and Alert status.

Fourth, the non-volatile memory may indicate a used lithium or new alkaline battery state, and new battery was inserted that meet lithium rules regardless of energy used and Alert status.

Fifth, there may be a manual reset

The battery management module may categorize the device under test (battery) into two final states, lithium and alkaline, and a temporal state which may be a used lithium or new alkaline state. The device under test (a battery) may require more testing to determine if the battery is a new alkaline or used lithium one.

New end of life tests routine may run in parallel with a first approach routine. Either routine may trigger a battery alert.

The battery management module may run an independent battery alert rule engine based on a sum of actual consumption (measured and predicted). This secondary algorithm may trigger specific alerts against the consumption levels as a function of the initial or final categorization of the battery.

In a case of a lithium battery, Low may be indicated by mA-Hr=82 percent used; Very Low may be indicated by mA-Hr=87 percent used; and Critical may indicate mA-Hr=92 percent used.

A used lithium or new alkaline may indicate a temporary state.

Both 1 and 3 shall be run until used lithium or new alkaline state has transitioned to conditions 1 or 3.

In a case of an alkaline battery, open circuit (OC) measurements may be only valid after at least 10 minutes of no use. Indications may be Low at O.C. 1.15-1.10 Vdc, Very Low at O.C. 1.1 to 1.00 Vdc, and Critical at O.C.<1.0 Vdc.

The second approach may be revised to implement the following logic. A CBT may be only be allowed after a 10 minute period of no battery usage has expired. Once issued, the BBM may have to monitor a phantom state to insure that a battery boost threshold does not corrupt the 10 minute stasis requirement. The BBM may read an average voltage that occurred during the 3 second test and the average charging current that was present for that test. The battery management module may need to request two types of battery tests. One is a new battery test where the test current is 35 mA at the Ultra cap. The other may be a critical battery test (CBT) where the test current is 60 mA at the Ultra cap.

The new battery test may have the following behavior. The test may be only called (or be valid) during the first power up or other power up events where the non-volatile memory indicates that the previously installed (powered) battery had generated Alerts of Low, Very Low and/or Critical. The test should have been run directly before any other charging of the Ultra Cap.

If the “Alert” flags have been set, it may be expected that the CM3 boot loader is precluded from updating the resident CM3 image.

The limits to qualify as a “new” lithium may be as follows. The battery management module may need to convert mA of charging (at the Ultra cap) to currents at the battery. Ultra-Cap charging values×(3.15/Vbat)/0.85 may be noted as 1.70V @ 80 mA or −740 uV/mA over 80 mA, or +740 uV/mA below 80 mA; and 1.66V @ 80 mA or −1 mV/mA over 80 mA, or +1 mV/mA below 80 mA.

Any battery which fails the above test but passes the following additional limits may be declared as used lithium or new alkaline subject to specific monitoring rules and restrictions. The noted value may be 1.57V @ 80 mA or −1 mV/mA over 80, or +1 mV/mA below 80 mA. Any battery failing the above noted tests may not be able to change the battery alert state.

A situation of a used lithium or new alkaline battery may be checked out. An access point (AP) mode may be precluded. If a user attempts such operation, a user interface may prompt the user to replace the battery with an Ultimate lithium. Charge rates may be limited to 75 mA for battery boost threshold and startup charge times. After a mA-Hour calculator has accumulated 25 percent of capacity and if the open circuit voltage test shows that the battery has dropped to less than 1.4 Vdc, then a new alkaline battery may be declared with alkaline rules are enacted. Otherwise a used Lithium may be assumed and device may revert to lithium rules.

A battery which terminates as “a used lithium” may continue to be used as long as the CBT and battery boost threshold CBT tests continue to pass. These tests may typically fail when 7 percent of battery capacity is remaining. Failure of either of these two tests (coming from a used lithium or new alkaline) may result in a display of a critical battery state.

The CBT levels may be as follows for the differing battery categories. ALK (Alkaline) may be 1.0V; and lithium may be 1.30V (with no modifier included for current variation).

A battery boost threshold CBT may be noted. As to a lithium battery only, any time the battery dips below 1.2V while a battery boost event is underway and the charge current is over 130 mA, the device may declare that the battery is at a very low status. Failing this test may schedule a CBT regardless of mA-hr consumed since last test. The 10 minute battery use stasis may be still be mandatory.

As to the alkaline battery only, any time that the battery dips below 1.0V during alkaline battery boost, threshold rules may immediately declare the battery at very low state.

Non-volatile memory logging (first approach/second approach) may be noted. Whenever one percent of the battery is used, that quantity of energy use may be summed to the non-volatile memory reading for that day, otherwise it may be written once per 24 hours.

FIG. 10 is a diagram 552 of NBT 80ma test data of 3 seconds of voltage versus time. Plot 505 may be for an Ultra lithium battery, plot 506 may be for an advanced lithium battery, and plot 507 may be for an alkaline battery.

A power transformation system may have a power stealing mode for powering a device indirectly through an electrical load connected to a power source and also has a characterization mode. The transfer of energy from the power source via the load may go undetected. The system may store energy from the load in an ultra or super capacitor. This energy may be used to power Wi-Fi and various thermostat applications, among other things, associated with HVAC and building automation and management systems. Energy from the load may be supplemented or substituted with energy from a battery and/or a buck converter. In the characterization mode, the system may obtain data relative to power usage of a load and determine a profile to identify one or more components and their operating conditions.

A powering of devices not connected directly to a power source return except through electrical loads may be regarded as a power transformation (PT) system. The present power transformation system may have advantages over systems having ordinary or related-art power techniques. For instance, the system may have a particular use in thermostat applications over relatively large dynamic load currents ranging from 100 uA to 1 A with a low AC voltage applied. Thermostats utilizing power obtained in the present manner may be a part of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) mechanism and/or a building automation system. Power transformation may be utilized in other components of the building automation system.

FIG. 11a is a diagram of a power transformation circuit 11. Circuit 11 may provide a way to charge an internal energy storage device, for instance, a capacitor 82, in a continuous, pulsed or pseudo continuous manner. This behavior may occur in functional states of a load (17 or 18) having an “off” condition or an “on” condition. Energy may be delivered to a pre-storage device in a continuous manner relative to the impressed AC voltage. Related art systems may interrupt the load current to charge, i.e., to redirect the current into storage elements.

Since the present energy transfer approach, mechanism or block 50 may be continuous, no frequency or time dependency will necessarily exist as to when to divert the load current. Because the energy transfer is continuous, the overall currents may be much smaller than related-art power techniques. For example, a 16 mA pulse current for 1 m sec may essentially be the same as 1 mA taking over one entire line cycle at 60 Hz. The present approach may dramatically lower the probability of falsely tripping loads from an “off” state to an “on” state.

Power transformation topology of circuit 11 may allow energy to be drawn from two or more loads (e.g., loads 17 and 18) in a simultaneous fashion while the loads are in an “off” or “on” state. This may allow for a higher degree of load current to be transformed into a charging current of a harvesting system.

Power transformation may precisely calculate the load impedance as a function independent of applied power frequency. Therefore, a calculation may allow inductive or capacitive loads to be correctly categorized. Power transformation circuit 11 may be particularly interesting when one understands the capability that the transformation circuit 11 topology offers relative to the amount of energy that the circuit can transform into useable charging current. The topology may engage the load over a wide dynamic range (per application), transfer control of the AC load current to a programmable current source 51 while determining the load current directly. Subsequently, the system may transfer virtually all or portions of that current to a storage device 82 via a secondary charging current source (CCS) 74.

A secondary charging element may be chosen for a level arbitrarily or specifically. Charging currents are not necessarily inherently bound with the present topology. For instance, a value of 200 mA may allow for a satisfactory user experience.

The approach to balance the two programmable current sources 51 and 74 may also have a desired effect in that the current through the load is not necessarily altered other than having a minor loss of current due to an insertion of an applied voltage drop of power transformation circuit 11.

The present system may be in a particular class of power devices since charging currents at different levels up to 200 mA can be realized. Charging rates may be controlled by the system. A design of a secondary charging element may be artificially bound to a maximal level to protect the storage element.

As power transformation circuit 11 passes the entire load current from an internal activation switch to a saturated current source 51, power transformation device or charge transfer block 50 may need only to measure the current through current source 51, and calculate the effective impedance of the load via Ohm's law. A direct measurement may allow the device to set an “off” load condition that will not necessarily cause false load tripping. A direct determination may eliminate “trial” test current approaches or fixed approaches as known with related art systems. Current through source 51 may be determined by measuring the voltage drop across a 2.1 ohm resistor 53. Resistor 53 may be of another value. Resistor 53 may have a different value or an amplifier on line 52 for a gain change.

Inductive relay loads may be known to exhibit a high degree of inrush current when they are activated. The inrush may occur during times when a physical armature in a load 17 or 18 is moving or is about to move. Over a life and application usage, the inrush component may increase. The effect may be dramatic when debris has become lodged in the device. It is not necessarily wise to limit such current in any manner since the device will not necessarily reach a satisfactory “on” state, or the device may chatter and ultimately lead to having contact failure or equipment stress. For this reason, the power transformation topology may use a parallel switch structure (i.e., switches 27 and 31 for load 17 and switches 28 and 32 for load 18) which is firstly engaged to power the loads.

The power transformation topology may determine whether the system is connected to an inductive load (e.g., with a moveable armature) with several approaches. A determination may be important for setting the optimal value for an “off” state energy transformation. Independent of the inrush, the steady state AC current of a contactor relay load may be different when activated or not activated. The power transformation topology may have several mechanisms to deal with the discrepancy in order to increase the fidelity of charge rates. A measure of inductive impedance may be used to provide a steady state compensation value against for an off cycle approach.

One mechanism is that a direct impedance calculation may be made when the relay is in an “on” state. When a device sets the “off” mode power transformation level, the device may test the desired voltage drop which actually occurred across the load. If the resultant drop is more than expected, then this means that an inductive load with an armature may certainly be present provided that the VAC is monitored and compensated for. The present power transformation system may easily compensate for the impedance difference.

Another mechanism may be able to derive that the armature has moved, by detection of a sudden impedance change through plausibility testing or “direct observation” via characterization. Either of these techniques may be invoked after determining if the split current source (SCS) has enough dynamic range to overcome the inrush of the contactor; otherwise, reliability of the system may be compromised.

As to a first option, it may be possible to increment the first current source while observing the resultant current value. When one of the increments results in a slope inflection outside of what was previous predicted by past incremental changes, there may be an implication that an armature has been moved by a sudden impedance change. Otherwise, there may be a linear response depending on step size.

As to a second option, it may also be possible to apply the first current source at a maximal current level (saturated) and perform a fast A2D process on that resultant current wave form, allowing the capture of step changes that may have occurred in its response, as caused by an armature moving, which may be a form of load characterization. FIGS. 12 and 13 are waveform diagrams that may illustrate the current waveform at an SCS_a2d (i.e., a connection between SCS 51 and resistor 53). The waveform diagram 121 of FIG. 12 may illustrate a case for an inductive load with armature movement shown. The waveform diagram 122 of FIG. 13 may demonstrate a case of a resistive load.

The waveforms of FIGS. 12 and 13 may illustrate that increasing the amount of charging current that a relay load can manage prior to pull in may be optimally achieved with the load in an “off” state, since a primary technique of a direct impedance calculation at running load may result in an impedance lower than what exists in the “off” state of the load. The measurement obtained with the direct impedance calculation may be safe from the perspective on being conservative so as not to cause false activation of loads.

An internal parasitic nature capacitance loading may cause losses in what can be transformed to energy storage. A loss may occur when a rectified voltage is impressed across a capacitor (for instance, capacitor 57). (FIG. 11c .) An example value of capacitor 57 may be 47 microfarads. The charging ripple current may be wasted back to a load as it cannot necessarily be converted to a charging current. One the other hand, the capacitance may help to balance the current though the secondary current source which aids an “on” cycle mode. Power transformation circuit 11 may utilize a FET 58 with a gate 59 control to introduce bulk capacitance when it is beneficial and eliminate the bulk capacitance when it is detrimental.

An approach may be utilized to determine load impedance. Impedance information may be used in a following manner. One may select a continuous (or pulsed) off cycle power level per terminal. That level should not exceed levels of a typical electronic interface logic circuit consistent with TTL, CMOS, or other logic.

Split dynamic power transformation may allow energy to be harvested off a power line 16 when a load 17 or 18 is energized by the power line. A load of interest may be firstly selected by activating switch 31 or 32 (S1 or S2). Power transformation circuit 11 may then capture an A2D value on a Split_A2D at a connection point 56 of series connected resistors 54 and 55 forming a voltage divider between a rectifier output voltage line 41 and output reference line 30. The readings may have important information relative to the power transformation device.

One may determine if a load is connected to terminal 56 for Split_A2D, and provide directional information about the magnitude of the applied voltage, VAC, as indicated by voltage divider point 56 between resistors 54 and 55 and a load 17 and/or 18, except for some diode voltage drop in full-wave rectifier 25 (D1). The internal voltage divider impedance may be chosen to be at least two orders of magnitude higher than useful load values. The internal impedance values may be, for instance, 205K ohms and 14.7K ohms, as compared to loads in which useful energy can be derived may be from 10 to 2K ohms at 60 Hertz. One may see from an inspection that the load impedance does not necessarily significantly alter a present view point of VAC based on an authority of an external network. The diode network influence of rectifier 25 may provide or need some compensation as the current through the network is bound and dominated by an internal resistor network. System 11 may indicate a power transformation error if the value returned indicates that the load is too high or the VAC is too low.

A load of interest may be completely energized by a parallel load control device 27 and/or 28 (K1 and/or K2). SCS 51 may be configured to a saturated condition with respect to its drop introduced against load 17 and/or 18. It can be noted that switch 27 and/or 28 (K(n)) may then be deselected and the load current may be transferred to internal SCS 51 in its entirety. All load current may come in and control of it is taken. The value of the current may be determined by a direct reading of SCS_a2d at the connection point of SCS 51 and resistor 53. With this reading (and VAC bound from the reading determined above), for mechanism 131 (FIG. 11c ), the impedance of load 17 and/or 18 may be closely estimated using Ohm's law. That may be indicated by the voltage of line 41 as determined by divider combination of resistors 54 and 55 divided or bound above by mechanism 131, by the current indicated by the voltage across resistor 53. That value may be used for an “off” cycle power transformation and the VAC may be recorded and tracked on a periodic basis.

Power transformation may incorporate a special network to speed up the process to transition from the fully saturated condition to a level where the split current source (SCS) 51 comes out of saturation. The behavior of a new circuit, InD, may allow SCS 51 to find the point at which perturbation in a load 17 and/or 18 connected line can occur because of a present configuration relative to a rectified and non-filtered voltage being applied to a current source working with a dc biased op-amp. Op-amp overshoot during the valleys associated with the applied VAC may cause current injection which in-turn can cause line perturbation which directly indicates that the SCS 51 is coming out of saturation. Once this point is determined, the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to an input 61 of SCS 51 may be increased slightly to stop the firing of the InD and a bulk capacitor may be activated to smooth out the applied voltage presented to SCS 51. SCS 51 may be further eased out of saturation as part of the next step.

The InD circuit may eliminate a need to perform an a2d conversation with stabilization times involved after each incremental value.

A CCS 74 may reside in parallel with the SCS 51. An initial value may be programmed in CCS 74. The SCS 51 circuit may be connected across CCS 74 by activating FET 62 (S4) in a high bias (voltage) mode.

The PWM value to line 61 of SCS 51 may be lowered until SCS 51 comes out of saturation and a value of about a 3.0 VDC drop is achieved across SCS 51 and in turn CCS 74. Therefore, the current through the split current source 51 may be transferred to charging current via CCS 74. Depending on the load, SCS 51 may go to zero or remain active such that the current through load 17 and/or 18 is not necessarily affected other than by an introduction of a drop across the internal network of block 50. The drop may incorporate rectifier (D1) 25. Rectifier 25 may utilize Schottky diodes which result in fewer effects than ordinary non-Schottky diodes. The drop of switch (S4) 62 may be calibrated out. This is via feedback on aVal 78.

FIG. 11c is a diagram of circuit 125 that may be similar to circuit 11 of FIG. 11a . The single S1 switch 31 (FIG. 11a ) may be substituted with a two S1′ switches 126 and 127 connected by lines 128 and 129, respectively, to an S1′ enable. One may note FIG. 22a for an implementation of the other version having one rectifier with many switches, that is, one switch per channel.

At the voltage divider of resistors 54 and 55 with a line 56 at the junction of resistors 54 and 55, a comparator 131 may have a non-inverting input connected to line 56, and an inverting input connected to a voltage reference. An output 132 of comparator 131 may indicate with a binary signal PT_EN (start) whether the voltage at line 56 is below, meets or exceeds the voltage reference. Resistors 54 and 55 may have high resistance with the comparator 131 and thus be quite a low current drain on line 41 of the charge transfer block 50.

Another voltage divider having resistor 133 connected to line 5 and resistor 134 connected to ground 30, with a line 135 connected to a junction of resistors 133 and 134. Line 135 may be connected to a comparator like the arrangement of comparator 131.

Battery 91 may be a single battery or a multitude of them. The battery may be a non-rechargeable or a rechargeable one with appropriate charging circuitry.

Diodes 92, 93 and 94 in circuit 11 may be replaced with FET switches 137, 138 and 139, respectively, in circuit 125. The drain of FET 137 may be connected to line 83, the source may be connected to line 95 of the Vdd output. A control signal may go to an input via a 634 ohm resistor 141 to the gate of FET 137. The gate may be connected to ground 30 via a one meg-ohm resistor 142. The gate may also be connected to a line 69 of an output of buck converter 47, via a 150 kilo-ohm resistor 143, lines 155 and 145 and a zener diode 144. The anode of diode 144 may be connected to line 69.

Values of noted components noted herein are examples but could be other values.

A control signal may go to an input 146 via a 634 ohm resistor to the gate of FET 138. The gate may be connected to line 145 via a 150 kilo-ohm resistor 148. The gate of FET 138 may be connected to a ground 30 via a one-meg-ohm resistor 147. The source may be connected to line 95. The drain may be connected to line 87.

A control signal may go to an input 149 via a resistor 151 to FET 139. The gate may be connected to ground 30 via a resistor 152. The drain may be connected to line 69 and the source may be connected to line 95.

The power transformation approach may incorporate a FET logic control to improve the various modes needed by the application in order to power at least two power rails; VDD and VDD2.

BSV1, BSV0, BO_Ctrl may be configured to be connected to pins of micro controller that are Hi Z at power up

B2_en may have an integral pull up such as high (active) any time a battery is installed.

Function split_A2D may be run with a discrete go no-go circuit; in this case, the micro controller pin may read it as a general IO instead of an A2d process.

FIG. 11b is a diagram of a circuit 153 which may be similar to circuit 125 of FIG. 11c . Line 155 may be disconnected from line 145 and connected to a cathode of a zener diode 154. An anode of zener diode 154 may be connected to line 69. Many of the unnumbered components of circuit 153 may have the same numerical designations as those components of circuit 125 in FIG. 11c . Activation of these signals may be as inputs and/or output and these allow the power modes that are possible.

FIG. 11d is a diagram of loads 161 that may be connected to output lines 83 and 95 of circuits 11, 153 and 125 in FIGS. 11a, 11b and 11c , respectively. Loads 161 may incorporate some processor control relative to the power transformation circuits 11, 153 and 125.

FIGS. 14 and 15 are example schematic diagrams 101 and 102 of current sources 51 and 74, respectively.

FIGS. 16a, 16b and 16c are diagrams of simulated waveforms. A graphical simulation may illustrate the charging current 104 on line 75 of FIGS. 11a-11c and 15 as shown in the waveform of FIG. 16a . Waveform 106 is the voltage on line 75 for charging current. A current transformation of current 104 is shown in a diagram of FIG. 16b . SCS 51 may have control of the load current as measured voltage drops 108 across resistor 53 at a first part of the waveform. Line 112 may represent the current to CCS 74. Waveforms 108 and 112 may represent a range current. The 112 waveform of currents may be measured at line 75 of FIGS. 11a-11c and 15.

Virtually all of the available current may be transferred to CCS 74 at line cycles 113 after a few line cycles 107. A diagram of FIG. 16c shows waveform 114 of voltage across load 17 which may indicate load 17 current for a range of charging current. A summed load current does not necessarily change in any manner during a transition 116 from line cycles 107 to line cycles 113. Thus, with load activation by switch 27 or 28 (K1 or K2), the current through load 17 or 18, respectively, at point 56 may be proportional to the applied VAC.

At this stage, VAC changes may be monitored at point 56 and values of SCS 51 and CCS 74 altered. Typically, there may be more interest in a loss of AC or brown out conditions where system operation could be terminated. The charging process may be modulated by tuning the increasing of the value of SCS 51 and/or reducing the value of a CCS 74, or typically doing both. The charging process may be completely terminated by reselecting switch 27 or 28 (K(n)), respectively, to return the load 17 or 18 to an un-fettered state.

Charge transfer block 50 may have other features. Load currents may be high as compared to what could exist on line 83 when Wi-Fi and high powered engines involving voice or displays are present. Related-art systems may typically make the user wait while charging the internal storage device to the point where it can support local processes. The present power transformation system 11 may incorporate an approach to “fast” charge the system from a replaceable energy storage device 91 such as an alkaline or lithium battery. An “n” farad ultra capacitor 82 (C2), or super-capacitor, may gain enough charge to support the WiFi access point and let one run a display system, in a matter of, for instance, one to ten seconds rather than, for instance, 20 to 40 minutes. “n” may indicate a number of farads for capacitor 82. However, increasing storage capacity may generally allow longer display intervals as do lower power displays.

An ultra capacitor may be regarded as, for example, a super capacitor, electrochemical capacitor, or an electric double layer capacitor. The ultra capacitor may be made from, for instance, carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials, or other materials that can result in extremely high capacitance within a small package. Such capacitance may range from one-half farad to 200 farads or more. Depending on the power output requirements of system 11 from capacitive storage, the capacitance of the capacitor 82 might be less than one-half farad in certain designs.

Capacitor 82 may be a single capacitor or a multitude of capacitors connected in a parallel and/or a series configuration. Generally, the number of farads of capacitor 82 may be one or greater than one. In the present instance, the number of farads of capacitor 82 may be five.

Replaceable battery 91 may be tapped at other times when power transformation techniques are not necessarily deriving enough energy dependent on intermittent usage, such as may occur with voice or code down load periods.

A last element of charge transfer block 50 may be an approach to allow a common connected device to utilize the charging system or at least inform the power transformation that its features may be needed.

The topology of FIG. 11a may allow a buck converter 47 to have less dynamic range as it merely would need to support fast charge rates and not necessarily need to be rated up to 300 mA (or more) as what might be needed for voice, display and Wi-Fi systems.

Other ancillary functions may be incorporated. It may be advantageous to incorporate a CCS 74 rate monitor sub-circuit to eliminate calibration issues associated with the current source over its input voltage compliance range. This may be particularly useful when the CCS 74 is used in the high voltage mode associated with an “Off” load power transformation.

System 11 may have a sub-circuit to monitor changes in applied VAC. The sub-circuit may improve the fidelity of the system and eliminate extensive tolerance analysis. For instance, CCS may be a pseudo current source for calibration, detection in applied VAC.

FIG. 11a is a diagram of a power transformation system 11. A furnace system 12 showing a step-down 120/24 VAC transformer 14 may have a common line 15 and a 24 VAC hot line 16. Common line 15 may be regarded as a ground or reference voltage for furnace system 12. Also, common line 15 may be connected to one side of loads 17, 18 and 19. Loads 17, 18 and 19 may have another side connected to lines 21, 22 and 23, respectively. Loads 17, 18 and 19 may relate to heating, air conditioning, and ventilation, respectively. The loads may instead relate to other kinds of components. Terminals connecting lines 16, 21, 22, 23 and 15 between furnace 12 and power transformation system 11 may be labeled “R”, “W”, “Y”, “G” and “C”, respectively.

Line 16 may be connected to a first terminal of a full wave rectifier 25, a first terminal of a full-wave rectifier 26, a first terminal of a relay 27, a first terminal of a relay 28 and a first terminal of a relay 29.

Line 21 may be connected to a second terminal of relay 27 and a first terminal of a relay 31. Line 22 may be connected to a second terminal of relay 28 and a first terminal of a relay 32. Line 23 may be connected to a second terminal of relay 29. Line 15 may be connected to a second terminal of full-wave rectifier 26 and to a cathode of a diode 33. A second terminal of full-wave rectifier 25 may be connected to a second terminal of relay 31 and a second terminal of relay 32 via a line 34.

Relay 27 may be controlled by a signal from a controller 40 via a line 35. Relay 31 may be controlled by a signal from controller 40 via a line 36. Relay 32 may be controlled by a signal from controller 40 via a line 37. Relay 28 may be controlled by a signal from controller 40 via a line 38. Relay 29 may be controlled by a signal from controller 40 via a line 39.

Rectifier or rectifiers 25 may be configured with various layouts to allow multiple sources of power. There may be additional S1, S2, Sn functions with a single rectifier 25 (FIG. 22a ) or multiple rectifiers 25 with S1's (FIG. 22b ). An example circuit for the rectifiers may incorporate also third and fourth terminals. A first diode and a second diode may have cathodes connected to the third terminal. The first diode may have an anode connected to the first terminal and the second diode may have an anode connected to the second terminal. A third diode and a fourth diode may have cathodes connected to the fourth terminal. The third diode may have an anode connected to the first terminal. The fourth diode may have an anode connected to the second terminal.

The third terminals of rectifiers 25 and 26 may be connected to a common ground or reference voltage terminal 30 of power transformation system 11. The fourth terminal of rectifier 25 may be connected to a line 41 to a charge transfer block 50. The fourth terminal of rectifier 26 may be connected to an emitter of a PNP transistor 42.

A resistor 43 may have a first end connected to the emitter of transistor 42 and a second end connected to a base of transistor 42. A resistor 44 may have a first end connected to the base of transistor 42 and a second end connected an anode of diode 33. A capacitor 45 may have a first terminal connected to the anode of diode 33 and a second terminal connected to ground 30. A collector of transistor 42 may be connected to a line 46 to an input of a buck converter 47. A capacitor 48 may have a first terminal connected to the collector of transistor 42 and a second terminal connected to ground 30. This may be a C wire selector/monitor reading Vx, and BC_Vdc (FIG. 21a -hardware based).

Charge transfer block 50 may incorporate a split current source 51 having a first terminal connected to line 41 and a second terminal connected to a line 52. Line 52 may be connected to first end of a low ohm (2.5Q) resistor 53. A second end of resistor 53 may be connected to ground 30. An input for a value to current source 51 may be provided on line 61 to source 51.

Block 50 may incorporate a voltage divider having a resistor 54 and a resistor 55. Resistor 54 may have a first end connected to line 41 and a second end connected to a line 56 and to a first end of resistor 55. Resistor 55 may have a second end connected to ground 30.

Block 50 may incorporate a capacitor 57 having a first terminal connected to line 41. Capacitor 57 may have a second terminal connected to a first terminal of a FET or switch 58. A second terminal of switch 58 may be connected to ground 30. Switch 58 may be controlled by a signal from controller 40 via a line 59 to its gate or control terminal of FET or switch 58.

A FET or switch 62 may have a first terminal connected to line 41 and a second terminal connected to a line 65. FET or switch 62 may have a gate or third terminal connected to a line 66 for receiving a signal to control FET or switch 62. A FET or switch 63 may have a first terminal connected to a line 69 which is connected to an output of buck converter 47. Switch 63 may have a second terminal connected to line 65. A gate of third terminal of FET or switch 63 may be connected to a line 67 for receiving a signal to control switch 63. A FET or switch 64 may have a first terminal connected to line 65 and have a second terminal connected to a line 71. Line 71 may be connected to a first terminal of a boost circuit 72. A gate or third terminal of FET or switch 64 may be connected to a line 68 for receiving a signal to control switch 64.

A programmable current source 74 may have a first terminal connected to line 65. Source 74 may have a second terminal connected to a line 75. A third terminal and a fourth terminal may be connected to a line 76 and a line 77, respectively for inputs to source 74 for setting a range. A fifth terminal may be connected to a line 78 for providing an output indication from source 74.

A capacitor 82 may have a first terminal connected to line 75 and a second terminal connected to ground 30. A boost circuit 81 may have a first terminal connected to line 75. A second terminal of boost circuit 81 may be connected to an output line 83. A third terminal of boost circuit 81 may be connected to a line 84 which can provide a signal for controlling circuit 81.

A capacitor 85 may have a first terminal connected to line 83 and a second terminal connected to ground 30.

Boost circuit 72 may have a second terminal connected to a line 88. A third terminal of boost circuit 72 may be connected to an output line 87. A fourth terminal of boost circuit 72 may be connected to a line 89 which can provide a signal for controlling circuit 72. A battery assembly 91 may have a positive terminal connected to line 88 and a negative terminal connected to ground 30.

Output line 83 may be connected to an anode of a diode 92. Output line 87 may be connected to an anode of a diode 93. Line 69 from an output of converter 47 may be connected to an anode of a diode 94. Cathodes of diodes 92, 93 and 94 may connected to an output line 95. A capacitor 96 may have a first terminal connected to line 95 and a second terminal connected to ground 30. A capacitor 97 may have a first terminal connected to line 69 and a second terminal connected to ground 30.

FIGS. 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 17e, 17f and 17g are diagrams of activities of certain portions of the power transformation circuits in FIGS. 11a-11c . Referral to letter, alphanumeric or numeric designations in FIGS. 11a-11d may be made in FIGS. 17a-17g . FIG. 17a is a diagram revealing an approach 171 for a power up initialization. FIG. 17b is a diagram for an approach 172 to maintain and an approach 173 for an impedance determination. FIG. 17c is a diagram for an approach 174 for a charge from R terminal while an HVAC is active. FIG. 17d is a diagram for an approach 175 for a charge from R terminal while the HVAC is inactive. FIG. 17e is a diagram for another approach 176 for a charge from R terminal while the HVAC is inactive. FIG. 17f is a diagram of an approach 177 for a C2 charge from a battery and an approach 178 for a C2 charge from a buck converter. FIG. 17g is a diagram 179 for run system from battery directly.

FIGS. 18a, 18b, 19a-19c, 20a-20c, and 21a-21c are schematics of an illustrative example of the present power transformation circuit. The schematics may be useful for constructing an example of the circuit.

A right end of the circuit in a diagram of FIG. 19a may have a DC block.

Some power stealing systems may appear to have had issues working with furnace topologies which incorporate simple control systems. A particular class of equipment may have utilized the power controlled by the W terminal in series configuration with flame safety interlocks. Power stealing with this series connected load may have historically made the conventional power stealing problem difficult as the gas valves used in the furnace may be particularly sensitive to any voltage perturbation which will occur with energy is being diverted within the thermostat to run the thermostat in the most basic two wire system.

“W” may represent a heat relay or switch terminal, or the like. “C” may represent a 24 V common terminal or the like.

The present power transformation system may have introduced a new capability that allows the thermostat to learn what type of equipment it has connected. When the PT encounters a series gas valve system, the PT may deal with the valve system in a special way and provide additional insight to the operation of the furnace from a flame quality perspective. Having this feature in a communicating thermostat may allow the customer to receive advanced warnings that the flame sensing mechanism is becoming faulty before the mechanism completely fails to light.

This feature may be particularly useful for services such as Honeywell's contractor portal.

No known thermostat appears to have been known to provide an early warning that a light off problem is occurring and call for service.

The power transformation system may do this and “record” the real time current domain information which the furnace is using and “characterize” exactly when a main flame establishing period is occurring and also monitor whether it was successful or not.

Waveforms (FIGS. 27 and 28) may represent a normal light off and a sequence of three trials for main flame proving with subsequent failure. One may see from inspection of the three main flame establishing periods noted (at the 0.65 amp level) this is the time (after purging) where the igniter and valve are turned on and the light-off fails or succeeds and the sensing of it fails.

A file listed as stepped gas valve may illustrate a different burner system and specifically the current waveform through the W terminal. One may immediately note the five distinct levels occurring . . . from left to right: 0 mA=output off; 180 mA=purging; 260 mA=hot surface ignition (HIS) warm up period; 665 mA=main valve+HSI; and final and finally the main valve alone.

The characterization mode of this disclosure may record and process up to nine levels which are more than sufficient to handle the numerous burner types.

Another type of interesting challenging load is also included. This is a hot water zone valve operator that has caused many two wire energy harvesting systems problems for many years. This valve (i.e., wax motor operation) may have unique characteristics in that it has a resistive heater load that melts wax which allows a spring to open the valve. One valve mechanism may be completely open and cause a limit switch to trip which allows the wax to cool and the valve mechanism may start to close (by the spring pressure) until the switch is made and the heater is again energized. Existing energy harvesting systems cannot handle the loss of power the valve presents to the W terminal.

The characterization process within may easily handle the present system. A background of a mode objective may be noted.

An HB thermostat may run a special test on just a W terminal. The purpose may be two-fold. The first may be to determine whether a significant probability exists to indicate that a gas valve is being driven off the power supplied through this terminal. The second may be to determine whether a significant probability exist which indicates that a “power interrupting” wax powered hydronic valve present.

Entry of mode exclusions or deferrals may incorporate the following. 1) Characterization will not necessarily run if a C-wire is present. These requirements may be all dependent just when a phantom mode is selected. 2) Certain ISU (installer setup utility) settings that preclude characterization testing from running may be as follows. a) ISU has been configured to “Radiant with Hot water” heating type. Power may interrupt wax motor valve detection. b) System configuration indicates Heat Pump. c) There may be an electric heat operation.

3) There may be a wall plate configuration. Selecting DT (Dual Transformer) may preclude PS on W and hence characterization is not necessarily needed.

4) There may be temporary low latency ping rates. One may expect to use a battery and run for 120 seconds after a Wi-Fi reset specifically at the end of DIY mode. Any system call for load control may result in control deferral (W load will not necessarily engage) until low latency period expires.

5) All resets of the EM may cause a random start delay of equipment. The initiation of characterization mode should be deferred for 120 seconds. This period may allow stabilization of the Wi-Fi energy consumption prior to entering characterization mode on the W terminal.

6) Reaching the critical BBT may terminate characterization mode testing. K1 may be re-engaged to continue heat call. After the BB period is reached and provided the 80 second main flame establishing period has expired, the default of using soft start power stealing levels should be deployed for the balance of that call.

7) If the phantom is already charging from battery, one may delay the heat call until a battery charge is no longer needed.

If the test is proven affirmative, the device may run characterized load behavior thereafter for “on” cycle power stealing, until Y is known and which time the load is preferred of on and off cycle stealing.

For Heat only applications “Off” cycle power stealing should always only use the first interval level for power setting biased on impedance. For Heat/Cool mode operation the Effective Impedance for off cycle, stealing should be the parallel combination with Y load (when present) or known.

Re-setting a characterization mode may be noted. The test may require augmentation from the battery, therefore a non-volatile memory element should be written or reset under certain conditions to preclude excessive use of the battery. The results of the test may leave a non-volatile memory element which can only be reset by the following methods of Factory reset, Subsequent ISU configuration change affecting load control, and power method change (phantom to C wire).

A characterization mode algorithm test (CMAT) may be noted. Any call for W activation may be delayed until an ultra-capacitor is charged to >2.3V. The battery may be used to accelerate the charging. During the characterization period, a power broker should revert to a special substantial savings mode with Wi-Fi left running while disabling sound and the glow ring behavior. The device display should indicate a special screen indicating “Learning Heating Load” if display is on.

CMAT should run for about 80 seconds. A timer may be started when K1 engages for the first second (thereby removing any inrush component). An OPA Split may be brought on, Split PWM is set to 100%, and yet S4 Low and High may be held false.

CMAT should measure the load current every second while recording intervals where a step behavior (>50 mA) is noted. Subsequent operations of the W terminal may inherently blank out periods to avoid on cycle power stealing when a transition is likely to occur.

At the conclusion of the characterization interval, the phantom circuit may engage in either normal on-cycle mode (150 mA), or engage a special lower voltage drop mode known as soft start (75 mA). Characterization criteria may be noted below.

Loss of AC should be monitored by the CMAT readings in that any Vscs equivalent that is less than 50% of the first interval shall initiate entering into a survival mode for AC loss.

Characterization criteria and subsequent on cycle power action may be noted relative to types 1, 2 and 3 of loads. As to a type 1 load, the W load is not necessarily stepped. It may still involve a gas valve. If the load is >200 mA, one may declare the load as characterized and use a soft-start mechanism. Soft start power stealing may be used as needed with no time of activation restriction. An on-cycle BBT may be used consistent with a 400 ohm load.

As to a type 2 load, the W load may have at least one step greater than 50 mA detected during the characterization period. On cycle power stealing should not necessarily be engaged during the blank out periods and soft start power steal shall be used exclusively. BBT may be used consistent with a 400 ohm load.

A type 2 load relative to a loss of flame recovery may be noted. CMAT should declare a time period when the expected main valve is likely to be engaged. Phantom engagement should happen past that point in about +5 seconds minimum. If a measurement returns a lower level consistent with purge or HSI or Sparking, the CMA may terminate power stealing and characterization mode should be continued for up to two additional main flame establishing periods plus post purge times, or until a re-light is successful, at which point the soft start stealing method shall be re-engaged.

The power broker should be notified to institute a substantial savings mode until a characterization has concluded. If the system does not hold in the main valve (by evidence of level), the system should soft power steal at what-ever level is available: If the system cannot move the heating load within 15 minutes, the HB should report possible heating issue because of AC voltage or likely flame problem.

If the main valve is suddenly lost (after the first conformational measurement and first engagement has concluded) (per the above paragraph pertaining to a measurement returning a lower level consistent with a purge or HSI or sparking), it may appear to the phantom circuit as a sudden loss in mA charge rate has occurred consistent with a major change in applied AC. Prior to indicating that conclusion the phantom circuit should immediately re-enter characterization mode.

If the measured load is consistent with a previously known level, then an AC loss is not necessarily affirmative but a loss of flame may have occurred. If AC loss was detected, the device should enter survival mode for loss of AC.

Otherwise, the characterization mode should be continued for up to two additional main flame establishing periods plus post purge timing or until a re-light is successful, at which point the soft start stealing method should be re-engaged. The power broker should be notified to institute a substantial savings mode until when the characterization mode is complete.

If the system does not get into the main valve (by evidence of level), the system should soft power steal at what-ever level is available after three intervals of attempting main valve levels. If the system sensed temperature cannot move the heating load within 15 minutes, then the HB shall report a possible heating issue because of low AC voltage or a likely flame establishing an issue. This information may be particularly valuable to services such as contractor portal to generate a service call.

A system that has worked well for many cycles, yet suddenly starts to exhibit main flame establishing errata should be reported as a potential loss of service issue. This issue may be due to a poor flame proving as would occur with fouled flame rod. A message should be propagated for service suggestion.

If the situation happens at an initial install, a compatibility issue may be apparent and should be reported. A compatibility issue may be further apparent if the main valve is held in during the 80 second learning period but loses flame consistent with an engagement of a soft start power steal approach.

Possible causes may be an aged gas valve, low system voltage due to in-sufficient VA of transformer or low system voltage due to loading of other equipment such as humidifier. A work around recommendation for this situation may be to add a faux loading 1K ohm resistor from the cool terminal to the systems transformer common connection to retain H/C configuration option.

A power interrupting wax motor valve detection may be noted. A wax motor valve may have unique characteristics in that it has a resistive heater load that melts wax which allows a spring to open the valve. One, the valve mechanism is completely open, a limit switch may be tripped which allows the wax to cool and the mechanism starts to close (by the spring pressure) until the switch closure is made and the heater is again energized.

If the measured current of the valve is >750 mA, the characterized load testing should be run in testing for this behavior. Otherwise, do not necessarily characterize the load, but one may use a soft start. Normal on-cycle power stealing should be allowed. After 1 minute to 4 minutes of a sensed ma-charge, current may exhibit a significant change in value due to operation of the heater and power interrupting contact. If phantom logic detects an abrupt ma-charge change (within this interval), the system may switch to a characterized measurement process to determine if the special valve is present or if an actual power disturbance exists.

A characterized approach may be noted. The wax valve should be characterized by observing that an interrupted or significant current level change occurs, is greater than 500 mA and does not last longer than 60 seconds. If the duty cycle behavior is observed, the NV RAM values should be set to characterize as a type 3. The characterize module may pass an average timing of the off (lower) interval as well. Values for the high interval and low interval should also be written.

The normal power stealing module may ignore the duty cycling behavior unless the time of the low interval duration increases by 50 percent. The normal module may return the load to the characterization module for a loss of AC determination. Otherwise, if no load changes are detected, the load may be treated as non-characterizable for the future.

The following ISUs, for an instance of a thermostat, may cause a load to be re-characterized when they are changed.

INDEX_ISU_INSTALLATION_TYPE

INDEX_ISU_HEAT_SYSTEM_TYPE_1

INDEX_ISU_HEAT_EQUIP_TYPE_1

INDEX_ISU_COOL_STAGES

INDEX_ISU_HEAT_STAGES

INDEX_ISU_FAN_OPERATION_IN_HEAT

INDEX_ISU_AUX_BACKUP_HEAT_TYPE

INDEX_ISU_EXTERNAL_FOSSIL_FUEL_KIT

INDEX_ISU_AUX_BACKUP_HEAT_FAN_OPERATION

INDEX_ISU_CPH_HEATS1

INDEX_ISU_CPH_HEATS2

INDEX_ISU_CPH_BACKUP1

INDEX_ISU_HUMIDIFIER_TYPE

INDEX_ISU_VENT_TYPE

The following ISUs may not necessarily cause a re-characterization when changed.

INDEX_ISU_TSTAT_CONFIGURED

INDEX_ISU_LANGUAGE

INDEX_ISU_ZONE_NUMBER

INDEX_ISU_DEVICE_NAME

INDEX_ISU_SCHED_OPTIONS

INDEX_ISU_TEMP_FORMAT

INDEX_ISU_OUTDOOR_TEMP_SENSOR

INDEX_ISU_REV_VALVE_POLARITY

INDEX_ISU_L_TERMINAL

INDEX_ISU_AUTO_CHANGEOVER

INDEX_ISU_DEADBAND

INDEX_ISU_DROOP_LOCK_AUX_BACKUP_HEAT_STAGE_1

INDEX_ISU_BACKUP_HEAT_UPSTAGE_TIMER

INDEX_ISU_HP_CMPR_LOCKOUT

INDEX_ISU_HP_AUX_LOCKOUT

INDEX_ISU_CPH_COOLS1

INDEX_ISU_CPH_COOLS2

INDEX_ISU_MIN_CMPR_OFF

INDEX_ISU_AIR_ENABLE

INDEX_ISU_MIN_COOL_SP

INDEX_ISU_MAX_HEAT_SP

INDEX_ISU_KEYPAD_LOCKOUT

INDEX_ISU_TEMP_SENSOR_SELECTION

INDEX_ISU_INDOOR_HUM_SENSOR

INDEX_ISU_HUMIDIFIER1_WIRING_ASSIGNMENT

INDEX_ISU_HUM_FROST_PROTECTION

INDEX_ISU_HUM_SYSTEM_MODE

INDEX_ISU_DEHUM_EQUIP

INDEX_ISU_INDOOR_DEHUM_SENSOR

INDEX_ISU_DEHUMIDIFIER_WIRING_ASSIGNMENT

INDEX_ISU_DEHUM_RELAY

INDEX_ISU_DEHUM_ALGORITHM

INDEX_ISU_DEHUM_MAX_DROOP

INDEX_ISU_DEHUM_SYSTEM_MODE

INDEX_ISU_DEHUM_FAN_MODE

INDEX_ISU_SOUTHERN_DEHUM_FAN

INDEX_ISU_SOUTHERN_DEHUM_LOW_LIMIT

INDEX_ISU_SOUTHERN_DEHUM_TEMP_SETPOINT

INDEX_ISU_SOUTHERN_DEHUM_RH_SETPOINT

INDEX_ISU_VENT_WIRING_ASSIGNMENT

INDEX_ISU_VENT_ALGORITHM

INDEX_ISU_VENT_CTRL_FAN_MODE

INDEX_ISU_VENT_PERCENT_ON_TIME

INDEX_ISU_VENT_LOCKOUT_TEMP_LOW

INDEX_ISU_VENT_LOCKOUT_TEMP_HIGH

INDEX_ISU_VENT_LOCKOUT_DEWPOINT_HIGH_VALUE

INDEX_ISU_VENT_CTRL

INDEX_ISU_DEHUM_VIA_VENT

INDEX_ISU_SMART_HEAT_TEMP_LIMIT

INDEX_ISU_SMART_COOL_TEMP_LIMIT

INDEX_ISU_HOME_HEAT_SETPOINT

INDEX_ISU_HOME_COOL_SETPOINT

INDEX_ISU_AWAY_HEAT_SETPOINT

INDEX_ISU_AWAY_COOL_SETPOINT

INDEX_ISU_AWAY_MODE_SETPOINT_CHOICE

INDEX_ISU_FEELS_LIKE

INDEX_ISU_IDEAL_RELATIVE_HUM

INDEX_ISU_FEELS_LIKE_CORRECTION

INDEX_ISU_R_VALUE_HOUSE

INDEX_ISU_HUM_RESET_COOL

INDEX_ISU_HUM_RESET_HEAT

FIG. 24 is a diagram of a state overview. “Characterizing” may occur at symbol 211 on a line 213 with an arrow to “waiting W off” at symbol 212. Line 213 may indicate that power drops too low or “W turns off”. A line 214 from symbol 212 to symbol 211 may indicate “W turns on (not characterized)”.

“Characterization complete” may be indicated on line 215 from symbol 11 to “Free to Steal” at symbol 216. A line 217 from symbol 16 to symbol 212 may indicate “W turns off”. From symbol 212 to a symbol 218 representing “Following Characterization”, may be a line 219 indicating that “W turns on (characterized)”. “Following Characterization” at symbol 218, “W urns off” may be indicated by a line 221 that goes from symbol 218 to symbol 212. A line 222 indicating “Made it to final stage” may go from symbol 218 to symbol 216.

“Power too low” may be indicated by a line 223 going from symbol 218 to a symbol 224 that represents “battery charging”. When a battery is charged at symbol 224, a line 225 indicating “Battery level high again” may go from symbol 224 to symbol 218. A line 226 indicating a “found period to steal during [it]” may go from symbol 218 to a symbol 227 representing “On Cycle Stealing”. A line 228 indicating “Period is almost over” may go from symbol 227 to symbol 218. Also from symbol 227 may be a line 229 indicating “W turns off” that goes from symbol 227 to symbol 212.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram of a characterization. From a start at symbol 231, a step to read voltage may occur at symbol 232. A question of whether the step is up may be asked at symbol 233. If an answer is yes, then a new step may be recorded at symbol 234. Following waiting about one second at a symbol 235, one may return to symbol 232 to read a voltage.

If the answer to the question at step 233 is no, then a question of whether the voltage is stable may be asked at a symbol 236. If an answer is no then, one may wait about one second after which a return to read voltage at symbol 232 may occur. If the answer is yes, then finish recording may occur at a symbol 237.

FIG. 26 is a flow diagram of an already characterized situation. From a start at symbol 241, a step of read voltage may occur at a symbol 242. A question of whether the voltage is too low may be asked at symbol 243. If an answer is no, then a question whether a next period if found may be asked at a symbol 244. If an answer is no, then a wait counter may be incremented at a symbol 245. A question may then be asked at symbol 246 whether the wait counter is too high. If the answer is no, then an about one second wait may occur at symbol 247. After symbol 247, a return may be made to read a voltage at symbol 242.

If the answer to symbol 246 is yes, then a question of whether one is in a final period at symbol 248 may be asked. If an answer is no, then a failure may be declared at symbol 249. If the answer to the question at symbol 248 is yes, then completion may be declared at symbol 250.

If the answer at symbol 244 is yes as to whether the next period is found, then if there is enough time to power steal may be noted at symbol 251 and the power steal can occur until before the next period at symbol 252. After symbol 252, a return to read voltage at symbol 242 may be done.

If an answer to the question at symbol 243 of whether the voltage is too low is yes, then a low counter may be incremented at a symbol 253. A question at symbol 254 of whether the low counter is too high may be asked. If an answer is yes, then an AC loss may be declared at symbol 255. If the answer is no, then an about one second wait may occur at symbol 256. After the wait, a return to symbol 242 to read a voltage may occur.

FIG. 27 is a diagram of a graph showing a fixture's process when it is in an off state, when a thermostat's call for heat, and when the call for heat is satisfied. FIG. 28 is a diagram of a graph where a fixture's process when it is in an off state, when the thermostat call for heat, and when the flame sense is not turned on. FIG. 29 is a diagram of a graph showing an area of purge, an igniter, a gas valve on, and a hold of the gas valve. FIG. 30 is a diagram of a graph of a power steal, an activity of a wax motor valve operation. FIG. 31 is a diagram of a graph of an AC version of a waveform with certain events indicated along the waveform. FIG. 32 is a diagram of a graph of a magnified portion of an AC version showing a signal's shape.

A power transformation module of a thermostat may incorporate a power harvesting mode, and a characterization mode. The power harvesting mode may incorporate pulling electrical power from a line carrying power for a load related to a thermostatic system, and storing the electrical power from the line available for use by the thermostatic system. The characterization mode may incorporate providing an electrical power to the load, measuring a waveform of the electrical power to the load in terms of magnitude and time to obtain a profile of the waveform, obtaining a signature from the profile of the waveform to identify one or more components of the load, and determining a condition of the one or more components from the signature.

The module may further incorporate obtaining installation configuration information corresponding to the thermostat related to the load to anticipate a general form of a waveform of the load to better identify the one or more components.

The load may be connected in series with the power transformation module. The power transformation module may be in a characterization mode or a power harvesting mode. The signature obtained by the characterization mode may indicate an identification of one or more components selected from a group consisting of a current interrupting wax coil valve, a hot surface igniter, and a flame rod. The signature of an identified component may reveal one or more activities of one or more components, selected from a group consisting of lighting, flame out, no light off, and general operation.

The activities of the one or more components that affect flame quality of a heating system controlled by the thermostat may be improved by items from a group consisting of entering and exiting the power transformation and less aggressively harvesting power.

A mechanism for characterization of a load related to a thermostat, may incorporate an instrument for measuring load current versus time, a plotter connected to the instrument for graphing a waveform of the load current versus time, an analyzer connected to the plotter for analyzing the waveform to identify one or more components of the load, and a diagnostics evaluator connected to the analyzer to determine a health of the one or more components.

The mechanism may further incorporate a connection between the instrument and a cloud. The cloud may incorporate one or more items selected from a group consisting of analysis, signatures, extraction, diagnostics, general processing, monitoring, and storage.

The instrument for measuring load current versus time may be an integral portion of a power transformation device. The instrument may measure load current versus time when the power transformation is not harvesting power.

A load current versus time measurement may reveal a sequence of activity by the one or more components. The sequence of activity may exhibit whether an operation of the one or more components is normal. If the one or more components have non-normal operation, then the load current versus time may be analyzed to determine a basis or cause of the non-normal operation.

A load current versus time measurement may reveal what type of equipment is being monitored by the measurement according to a catalog or table of measurements, or signatures as indicated by the measurements, that are correlated with types of equipment. Revealing a type of equipment may be a capability of a power transformation system that can instead divert energy from a load for at least partially operating a thermostat. A learning by the thermostat of the equipment enables the power transformation system to deal with an operation of a heating system relative to affecting flame quality.

An approach of a characterization mode of a power transformation system may incorporate providing an electrical waveform of power to a load related to a thermostat, measuring a profile of the electrical waveform in terms of magnitude and time, analyzing the magnitude versus time, and identifying one or more components of the load from analyzing the magnitude versus time of the current waveform.

The approach may further incorporate inferring a signature of the current from analyzing the magnitude versus time of the current waveform.

The approach may further incorporate sending the current waveform to a cloud for further analysis.

The approach may further incorporate sending the current waveform to a cloud for diagnosis of any apparent malfunction of the one or more components.

The current waveform is a current through a load of one or more components in a heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. The approach may further incorporate developing a characterization of equipment contributing to the load of a heating system.

The approach may further incorporate inferring a scenario of equipment from an analysis of the magnitude and time of the current waveform.

The approach may further incorporate diagnosing the one or more components of the load from analyzing the magnitude and time of the current waveform. If there is an issue of the one or more components of the load, there may be identifying the issue from the magnitude and time of the current waveform, and searching for a solution to resolve the issue.

The approach further incorporate providing a warning of a problem with the equipment from indications of a scenario, and facilitating a call for service to fix the problem with the equipment. The problem may be indicated by the current waveform as there being no light off of a flame of one or more components of a furnace, and the warning of the problem may be provided before an extended or complete failure of a light off of the flame occurs.

An approach for power transformation may incorporate providing a rectifier having a first input terminal for connection to a first terminal of a power source, second input terminal for connection to a first terminal of a first load, and having first and second output terminals, connecting an input of a first current source to the first output terminal of the rectifier, connecting an output of the first current source to the second output terminal of the rectifier, connecting an input of a second current source to the first output terminal of the rectifier, connecting an output of the second current source to a first terminal of an ultra capacitor, and connecting a second terminal of the ultra capacitor to the second output terminal of the rectifier.

The first load may have a second terminal for connection to a second terminal of the power source. The first current source may have a control terminal. An amount of current through the first current source may be adjustable from zero to 100 percent of current available to the first current source from the rectifier, according to a signal to the control terminal. An amount of current available for the second current source may be the current available to the first current source minus the amount of current to the first current source. Current from the second current source, if any or all, may go to the ultra capacitor and/or a mechanism connected in parallel with the ultra capacitor.

The approach may further incorporate providing a mechanism for determining a magnitude of voltage between the first and second output terminals of the rectifier to determine a magnitude of voltage appropriate for entering a state of harvesting energy.

The approach may further incorporate providing a mechanism for determining magnitude of voltage between an input of the second current source and the second output of the rectifier to determine if the first current source is out of saturation, and if out saturation an extent of being out of saturation.

The ultra capacitor may have a capacitance ranging from 0.2 to 200 farads.

The approach may further incorporate adjusting a current from the second current source to the ultra capacitor according to a range selection by a signal to a control terminal of the second current source. The signal to the control terminal of the first current source may be provided by a controller. The signal to a control terminal of the second current source may be provided by the controller.

The approach may further incorporate adding current from a battery to the ultra capacitor and/or the mechanism.

The approach may further incorporate adding current from one or more electrical sources to the mechanism.

The approach may further incorporate adding current from a from first and second output terminals of a buck converter to the mechanism. The buck converter may have first and second input terminals connected to first and second output terminals, respectively, of a second rectifier. The second rectifier may have first and second terminals for connection to the first and second terminals, respectively, of the power source.

The approach may further incorporate disconnecting and connecting the first load directly and indirectly across the power source with a switch arrangement. The switch arrangement comprises a first switch connected between the first terminal of the first load and the first terminal of the power source, and a second switch connected between the first terminal of the first load and the second input terminal of the rectifier.

The approach may further incorporate connecting a first terminal of one or more additional loads to the second input terminal of the rectifier and a second terminal to a second terminal of the power source, and disconnecting and connecting the one or more additional loads directly and indirectly across the first and second terminals of the power source with a second switch arrangement. The second switch arrangement may incorporate a third switch connected between the first terminal of the second load to the first terminal of the power source and a fourth switch connected between the first terminal of the one or more additional loads and the second input of the rectifier.

The fourth switch may be closed and the third switch may be opened. The second switch may be closed and the first switch may be opened. Current may be available to the rectifier via the first load and the one or more additional loads.

The approach may further incorporate connecting a current measuring device at the output of the first current source, connecting a voltage measuring device across the first and second output terminals of the rectifier, calculating an impedance of the first load from measurements from the current and voltage measuring devices, and adding or removing a capacitance across the first and second output terminals of the rectifier and/or adjusting current flow through the first current source according to the impedance.

A power transformation circuit may incorporate a rectifier having a first input for connection to a first terminal of a power supply, a second input for connection to a first terminal of a first load, a first output, and a second output connected to a reference terminal, a first current source having an input connected to the first output of the rectifier and having an output connected to the reference terminal, a second current source having an input connected to the first output of the rectifier, and an ultra capacitor having a first terminal connected to an output of the second current source and a second terminal connected to the reference terminal.

The first load may have a second terminal for connection to a second terminal of the power supply. The first and second terminals of the ultra capacitor may be for providing current to a device.

The first current source may have a control terminal for a signal to adjust an amount of current flowing from the input to the output of the first current source. The first current source may conduct virtually all of the current available from the rectifier. Current from the second current source may be adjustable at the second current source for charging the ultra capacitor.

The current flow of the first current source may be adjustable from virtually zero percent to 100 percent of the current available to the first current source, according to a signal to the control terminal of the first current source.

The amount of current available to the second current source is an amount of the current available to the first current source minus an amount of current flowing through the first current source. At least a portion of the current provided to the second current source may be stored as a charge at the capacitor. An amount of current provided to the second current source may be provided to the device having a first terminal for connection to the first terminal of the capacitor and a second terminal for connection to the second terminal of the capacitor.

The circuit may further incorporate a first switch for connection or disconnection of a connection between the first terminal of the first load and the second input of the rectifier, and a second switch for connection or disconnection of a connection between the first terminal of the load and the first terminal of the power supply.

If the second switch is on, then the first switch should be on before the second switch is turned off. If the first switch is on, then the second switch should be on before the first switch is turned off.

A power transformation system may incorporate a rectifier having a first input connected to a first terminal of a power source, a second input connected to a first terminal of a load, a first output, and a second output connected to a reference terminal; a first current source having a first terminal connected to the first output of the rectifier, and a second terminal connected to the reference terminal; a second current source having a first terminal connected to the first output of the rectifier, and a second terminal; and an ultra capacitor having a first terminal connected to the second terminal of the second current source, and a second terminal connected to the reference terminal.

A second terminal of the load may be connected to a second terminal of the power source. The first current source may incorporate a first state of conduction, and a second state of conduction. The first state of conduction of the first current source may be when the first current source conducts virtually all of the current available to the first current source. The second state of conduction may be when the first current source conducts a first portion of virtually all of the current available to the first current source. A second portion of virtually all of the current available to the first current source may be conducted by the second current source to the ultra capacitor and/or a device.

The system may further incorporate a switch connected between the first output of the rectifier and the first terminal of the second current source. The second current source provides current to the ultra capacitor. When the ultra capacitor is charged to a predetermined value, a controller receives a value indication from the first terminal of the ultra capacitor, and provides a signal to the switch to disconnect the first terminal of the second current source from the first output of the rectifier, or to reduce an amount of current to the ultra capacitor.

The system may further incorporate a first switch connecting the first terminal of the load to the first terminal of the power source. When the first switch is turned on to establish a connection between the first terminal of the load and the first terminal of the power source, current may be routed away from the rectifier and consequently reduces an amount of current available to the first current source.

To recap, a battery management mechanism for a power transformation system, may incorporate a battery having a first terminal connected to a first switch, a super cap having a first terminal connected to the first switch, a buck converter having a first terminal connected to a second switch, and a power stealing device connected to a third switch. The second and third switches may be connected to the first terminal of the super cap. A second terminal of the super cap may be connected to a fourth switch and to a fifth switch. A second terminal of the battery may be connected to a sixth switch. A second terminal of the buck converter may be connected to the fifth switch, the sixth switch, and a first voltage line. A third terminal of the buck converter may be connected to a seventh switch. The seventh switch may connected to the fourth switch, and a second voltage line. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh switches may be controlled by a processor having a battery management module.

The mechanism may further incorporate one or more modes of operation.

A first mode may indicate that virtually all circuitry is driven by the battery. A second mode may indicate that the super cap is being charged by the battery. A third mode may indicate that the second voltage line is being powered by the battery and the super cap is possibly being charged by the battery. A fourth mode may indicate that the circuitry is driven by the buck converter, which is connected to a power line. A fifth mode may indicate that the battery is available for charging the super cap and the circuitry is driven by the buck converter. A sixth mode may indicate that the first voltage line and the super cap are driven by the buck converter.

A battery level may be determined of the battery.

A determination of the battery level may be based on information selected from a group incorporating battery usage, battery history data, battery level calculated from battery usage, battery presence test, long term expiration date of battery, battery presence test results, and battery counter information.

A battery state based on a determination of battery level may be indicated by a label selected from a group incorporating good, low, very low and critical.

Presence and condition of the battery may be attained by a battery detection task.

The battery detection task may incorporate monitoring the battery for an unexpected voltage shift, reading an analog value of the voltage, and categorizing the value as a load or no load voltage.

The battery detection task may further incorporate obtaining special power stealing battery read modes from the power stealing device, and providing one or more items selected from a group incorporating battery installed status, battery no load voltage, battery under load voltage and load conditions.

Battery life determination may be made from a battery under load voltage, and periodical voltage measurements of the battery under load conditions.

A battery life determination may be made from one or more items selected from a group incorporating battery installed status, battery no load voltage, battery under load voltage, load conditions and integration of battery current draw.

User interface alerts may be based on battery condition status from the life determination status. A power broker may be provided battery installed status and battery condition status. The power stealing device may be provided battery installed status and battery condition status.

An approach of source management for a power transformation system, may incorporate connecting a battery to a super capacitor via a first switch, a buck converter to the super capacitor via a second switch, and a power stealing circuit connected to the super capacitor via a third switch, and connecting a battery management module to the first, second and third switches. The super capacitor may be connected to a first voltage line via a fourth switch and a second voltage via a fifth switch. The battery may be connected to the first voltage line via a sixth switch. The buck converter may be connected to the second voltage line via a seventh switch and to the first voltage line. The battery management module may be connected to the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh switches. The battery management module may incorporate one or more algorithms to manage the battery in terms of status and output.

One or more modes of operation may be effected by the battery management module via the one or more algorithms.

The one or more modes of operation at one or more times may be selected from a group incorporating the battery driving virtually all circuitry, the super capacitor being charged by the battery, the second line voltage being powered by the battery and the super capacitor being charged by the battery, the buck converter driving virtually all circuitry, the battery being available for charging the super capacitor and the circuitry being driven by the buck converter, and the buck converter driving the first voltage line and being available for charging the super capacitor.

A determination of the battery level may be based on information selected from a group incorporating battery usage, battery history data, battery level calculated from battery usage, battery presence test, long term expiration date of battery, battery presence test results, and battery counter information.

A battery control system may incorporate a super cap having an input connected to a charge line and having an output connected to a first voltage line and connected to a second voltage line, a battery having a first output connected to the charge line and having a second output connected to the first voltage line, a power transformation circuit having an output connected to the charge line, a buck converter having a first output connected to the charge line, a second output connected to the first voltage line, and a third output connected to the second voltage line, and a processor, having battery management algorithms, connected to the battery, power transformation circuit, and buck converter.

The buck converter may provide power derived from an electric AC power line.

The system may further incorporate a first mode of operation wherein virtually all of the energy for the battery control system is provided by the buck converter, a second mode of operation where the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap, and the buck converter provides energy for the first and second voltage lines, a third mode of operation where the buck converter provides energy for the voltage line and to the charge line for the super cap, a fourth mode of operation where the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap, and energy to the second voltage line, a fifth mode of operation where the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap, and a sixth mode of operation where the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap, and energy to the first voltage line.

Presence and condition of the battery may be attained by a battery detection task. The battery detection task may incorporate monitoring the battery for an unexpected voltage shift, reading an analog value of the voltage, and categorizing the value as a load or no load voltage; obtaining special power stealing battery read modes from the power stealing device; and providing one or more items selected from a group incorporating battery installed status, battery no load voltage, battery under load voltage and load conditions.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/227,395, filed Sep. 7, 2011, and entitled “HVAC Controller including User Interaction Log”, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/088,312, filed Nov. 22, 2013, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/088,306, filed Nov. 22, 2013, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,988, issued Jan. 13, 2009, is hereby incorporated by reference.

Any publication or patent document noted herein is hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

In the present specification, some of the matter may be of a hypothetical or prophetic nature although stated in another manner or tense.

Although the present system and/or approach has been described with respect to at least one illustrative example, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the related art to include all such variations and modifications. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A battery management mechanism for a power transformation system, comprising: a battery having a first terminal connected to a first switch; a super cap having a first terminal connected to the first switch; a buck converter having a first terminal connected to a second switch; and a power stealing device connected to a third switch; and wherein: the second and third switches are connected to the first terminal of the super cap; a second terminal of the super cap is connected to a fourth switch and to a fifth switch; a second terminal of the battery is connected to a sixth switch; a second terminal of the buck converter is connected to the fifth switch, the sixth switch, and a first voltage line; a third terminal of the buck converter is connected to a seventh switch; the seventh switch is connected to the fourth switch, and a second voltage line; and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh switches are controlled by a processor having a battery management module.
 2. The mechanism of claim 1, further comprising one or more modes of operation.
 3. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein: a first mode indicates that virtually all circuitry is driven by the battery; a second mode indicates that the super cap is being charged by the battery; a third mode indicates that the second voltage line is being powered by the battery and the super cap is possibly being charged by the battery; a fourth mode indicates that the circuitry is driven by the buck converter, which is connected to a power line; a fifth mode indicates that the battery is available for charging the super cap and the circuitry is driven by the buck converter; and a sixth mode indicates that the first voltage line and the super cap are driven by the buck converter.
 4. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein a battery level is determined of the battery.
 5. The mechanism of claim 4, a determination of the battery level is based on information selected from a group comprising battery usage, battery history data, battery level calculated from battery usage, battery presence test, long term expiration date of battery, battery presence test results, and battery counter information.
 6. The mechanism of claim 5, wherein a battery state based on a determination of battery level is indicated by a label selected from a group comprising good, low, very low and critical.
 7. The mechanism of claim 1, wherein presence and condition of the battery are attained by a battery detection task.
 8. The mechanism of claim 7, wherein the battery detection task comprises monitoring the battery for an unexpected voltage shift, reading an analog value of the voltage, and categorizing the value as a load or no load voltage.
 9. The mechanism of claim 8, wherein the battery detection task further comprises: obtaining special power stealing battery read modes from the power stealing device; and providing one or more items selected from a group comprising battery installed status, battery no load voltage, battery under load voltage and load conditions.
 10. The mechanism of claim 9, wherein battery life determination is made from a battery under load voltage, and periodical voltage measurements of the battery under load conditions.
 11. The mechanism of claim 9, wherein a battery life determination is made from one or more items selected from a group comprising battery installed status, battery no load voltage, battery under load voltage, load conditions and integration of battery current draw.
 12. The mechanism of claim 10, wherein: user interface alerts are based on battery condition status from the life determination status; a power broker is provided battery installed status and battery condition status; and the power stealing device is provided battery installed status and battery condition status.
 13. A method of source management for a power transformation system, comprising: connecting a battery to a super capacitor via a first switch, a buck converter to the super capacitor via a second switch, and a power stealing circuit connected to the super capacitor via a third switch; and connecting a battery management module to the first, second and third switches; and wherein: the super capacitor is connected to a first voltage line via a fourth switch and a second voltage via a fifth switch; the battery is connected to the first voltage line via a sixth switch; the buck converter is connected to the second voltage line via a seventh switch and to the first voltage line; the battery management module is connected to the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh switches; and the battery management module comprises one or more algorithms to manage the battery in terms of status and output.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein one or more modes of operation are effected by the battery management module via the one or more algorithms.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more modes of operation at one or more times are selected from a group comprising the battery driving virtually all circuitry, the super capacitor being charged by the battery, the second line voltage being powered by the battery and the super capacitor being charged by the battery, the buck converter driving virtually all circuitry, the battery being available for charging the super capacitor and the circuitry being driven by the buck converter, and the buck converter driving the first voltage line and being available for charging the super capacitor.
 16. The mechanism of claim 13, a determination of the battery level is based on information selected from a group comprising battery usage, battery history data, battery level calculated from battery usage, battery presence test, long term expiration date of battery, battery presence test results, and battery counter information.
 17. A battery control system comprising: a super cap having an input connected to a charge line and having an output connected to a first voltage line and connected to a second voltage line; a battery having a first output connected to the charge line, and having a second output connected to the first voltage line; a power transformation circuit having an output connected to the charge line; a buck converter having a first output connected to the charge line, a second output connected to the first voltage line, and a third output connected to the second voltage line; and a processor, having battery management algorithms, connected to the battery, power transformation circuit, and buck converter.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the buck converter provides power derived from an electric AC power line.
 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising: a first mode of operation wherein virtually all of the energy for the battery control system is provided by the buck converter; a second mode of operation wherein the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap, and the buck converter provides energy for the first and second voltage lines; a third mode of operation wherein the buck converter provides energy for the voltage line and to the charge line for the super cap; a fourth mode of operation wherein the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap, and energy to the second voltage line; a fifth mode of operation wherein the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap; and a sixth mode of operation wherein the battery provides energy to the charge line for the super cap, and energy to the first voltage line.
 20. The mechanism of claim 17, wherein: presence and condition of the battery are attained by a battery detection task; and the battery detection task comprises: monitoring the battery for an unexpected voltage shift, reading an analog value of the voltage, and categorizing the value as a load or no load voltage; obtaining special power stealing battery read modes from the power stealing device; and providing one or more items selected from a group comprising battery installed status, battery no load voltage, battery under load voltage and load conditions. 